Mr. Yang Free Essays

Introduction In recent years, the competition between low-cost airlines / no frills airlines and legacy airlines has arouse a heat debate, especially In North America. Although airline Industries Including diverse tasks, deciding the price of airplane ticket might be the most significant part In marketing. This assignment attempts to analysis the different pricing strategies that Airline companies make to enhance competitiveness in North America. We will write a custom essay sample on Mr. Yang or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, these comparisons will be supported by examples of low-cost airline (Southwest Airline) and legacy airline (American Airlines). Firstly, cussing the operation, which is called low-cost carrier. Secondly, analysis their strategy in defining price. Final parts are a development with these points and a proof of the successful experiences in the airline industry. Key point 1 â€Å"Pricing† is a useful strategy for Airline Companies to increase their profit. It is widely believed that Airline Industry has become intense because there are over 200 airlines companies attempt reducing price of airplane tickets. Facing the intense competition, Low Price might be the tactic used by airlines. In addition, â€Å"Fixed cost†, the basic costs o malting a company, Is the other difficulties In traditional airline companies for covering financial situation due to problem of Inflation. The two challenges threat airlines in recent years, hence some traditional airlines transfer to Low-Cost carrier (LLC) to economize unit costs. Furthermore, the cost in Human Resource (HRS)/cost of employees conceivably rise to the most expensive part in fixed costs, however the drawbacks usually are ignored by traditional airlines (Laurie H. 006. POP 5). In other words, LLC is a conception that responds the lower cost to lower price. Southwest airline, one of the LLC Airline Company, has become a famous case learned by Ryan Air, Easy Jet and other Low-Cost Carrier, because Southwest airline reduced not only the cost in their human resource department but also In many approaches Including cost of entertainment, cargo, meal and additional service (Hall, A. 2007 Completed In Partial Fulfillme nt of the Requirements of MM 5210 up). On the contrary, even though lower pricing cost seems logic, there are arguments claimed by gurus: Ryan Gannett (2012) doubted that there is a dramatic growth (182. 0%) in average of fuel per gallon from 2005 to 2011, passengers are frequently demanding equipment and services added to cabins. Can the constantly increased cost be covered by Southwest airline? However, according to the Flight Global Data Research Team (2013 Top 1 0: The Americas): Southwest Airline achieved number one (133. 2 Passengers per mile) of amount of sales in 2013 (Manuel A. H. And Steven N. W. 2013). Furthermore, International Air Transportation Association (DATA) published the newest rank In 2014: Southwest airline carried 115. 323 thousand passengers to e the champion as well. These methods help themselves becoming more competitive than Lorene companies and successful. Into the future, and this rise will put an ever greater strain on Southwest’s already depleted margins. If oil prices are brought under control with certainty, then Southwest is a great investment; but until then, Southwest is Just too vulnerable to oil prices. Key point 2 An accurate price can support a company to increase their profit. In recent years airline, companies prefer to follow the dynamic price system to match the demands f customers, therefore airline companies define the most expensive airplane ticket on Friday night and the cheapest on Tuesday morning due to â€Å"Travel scheme† which is choose to travel on weekends then return on Sunday or Monday, regard this issue, airlines faced the problem: middlemen sell Open-Jaw tickets on weekends and buy Open-Jaw tickets on Tuesday. Open-Jaw ticket is â€Å"Return ticket† can be used in any time and separated in two single tickets to sell to two customers. These tickets tremendously declined the revenue when cheaper ticket was used in the peak period ND customers could buy another ticket in other airlines as well, it generate the affection: the Revenue, Coverage, Loading and Reputation. (Tim H. 2011). When others airline were used to follow dynamic price system, American Airline (AAA) announced â€Å"Saturday night stay over restriction† to against this risk. The restriction aims the problem that is caused by open-Jaw ticket on weekends (Tim H. 2011 IPPP). By using the methods, AAA are able to earn bonus as much as $500 million a year from sass. Despite decision is selected by passengers, The most important effects in dynamic price discrimination arise not from an attempt o extract more money from the consumer, but from addressing incomplete markets, and in particular from the value and costs of advance contracting. Key point 3 In the opposite, experts illustrated that the ticket price should be bundled with demand, due to the price is decided by customers’ demand (Diego E. 2013). Therefore, airline companies often need to consider the priority between price and loading in different timing. To be more precise, sometimes the asymmetric price might be caused by lower rate of loading (Manuel A. H. And Steven N. W. 2013). As a tater of fact, the lower demand shows the ticket price cannot be increased even in boom season; this is the reason why some gurus recommend finding the demands first and next defining price. However, the Price has to respond the fixed cost, hence airlines need to think increasing profit with Demand and Cost (Diego E. 2013). Nevertheless if the greatness of seats were released to sold in the day near the departure date, it is possible the high-risk will be faced is large amount of empty seat (Diego E. 013). Conclusion To sum up, this essay has shown that there are clear methodologies of using pricing tragedy in the airline industry of North America. As mentioned in my second reducing costs; moreover the case of Southwest airline proofs it in different approached, and the low-cost strategies help them to become the most popular airline in north America in 2013-14. Nevertheless, in the fourth paragraph, it indicates the significance of defining price with float system by legacy airline companies, because the different timing reflects different cost and factors. How to cite Mr. Yang, Papers

Apply Technology To Improve Vehicles Designâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Apply Technology To Improve Vehicles Design? Answer: Introduction Volkswagen (VW) has always been known as a visionary company, having the best solutions in the field of automation. Their desire to engage and apply technology to improve vehicles design as well as operations has propelled this notion. However, in 2015, this application crossed a line when the company used programmed software to cheat its emission tests. In essence, the company developed a defeat gadget for their vehicles exhaust system which altered the test results as they were being conducted. Moreover, the cheat gadget would then restore normal operations when the cars were not being tested which ultimately violated the environmental acts that required certain emission numbers(Hotten, 2015). Now, this paper analyses the actions taken by Volkswagen from an ethical perceptive where the classical ethical theories are used. Analysis Although its a serious ethical violation, VWs actions directly infringed the laws of the environment and personal safety, an outcome that was justified by their guilty plea during a court proceeding in Detroit. Furthermore, the submissions by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) outlined that more than 600,000 vehicles were involved in the scheme and therefore was not an unintentional occurrence but a premeditated process(Associated Press, 2017). Utilitarianism Focused on the overall well-being of the people, the principles and theories of utility define ethical outcomes as actions that derive the best results for the people involved. In essence, the company at hand and its associated stakeholders should have experienced the best outcomes that led to happiness and proper well-being(Eggleston, 2012). VWs actions place several people in difficult positions. First, the customers (end consumer), they inherently bought vehicles with the false notion of environmentally friendly cars which indirectly endangered their lives as a consequence of the emission. Now, according to the proponents of the utilitarian theory, happiness is outlined as an overall balance between pleasure and pain. While VW may have offered a false pleasure outcome by selling good cars, their ethical violation placed the environment at harm. Consequently, the environment would react back in the future through natural calamities such as global warming events which would have painful and harmful consequences to the customers. Therefore, VWs actions did not consider the overall well-being of the users and the environment, a clear violation of the utilitarian principles(Mill, 2015). Deontology On the other hand, VWs actions notwithstanding the consequences on the users and environment are morally wrong. For one, they deliberately broke laws that governed vehicles emissions through technological prowess. Furthermore, the company then lied to the customers and the world at large of the efficient products they had developed. Now, focusing on these actions as is the mantra for deontological ethical theory, an unethical outcome is exhibited. In essence, the theory at hand analyses ethical outcomes based on the actions and not the consequences which as outlined above were morally wrong and were illegal as they broke several governing legislations(Lacewing, 2010). In addition to this, the theory also focuses on the moral duties of the people who should consider others before conducting any action. These duties will include prohibitory elements such as those of lying where moral beings should not lie to others, a duty that was clearly violated by VW. Moreover, the duties highlighted will also focus on the promises made by individuals where one should keep them to maintain a proper social and personal relationship with others. VW promises of efficient vehicles with proper emissions were broken which affected their relationship with the customers(Lacewing, 2010). Virtue Stemming from the character of individuals, virtue ethics are based on the character of those involved and not the rules or the duties involved as seen previously. Yes, VW held a duty to uphold the rules of operations, however, their moral compass should have guided their actions to meet an ethical outcome. Furthermore, virtues emphasize on the meaning of life where one's consciousness should propel the true purpose of living i.e. teleological behaviours. In this instance, VW should have considered their role in society and balanced their desire for money to that of the people. Moreover, they should have cared for the parties involved as they were valued members of the society(Bowden, 2005). However, following the theory of virtue ethics, its important to understand that peoples actions cannot be used to demarcate morality because virtues encapsulate many factors beyond the simple actions taken. Therefore, even though VW executed unethical actions their virtues were lacking even before them. In fact, their moral state would be dignified by consistent virtual actions that would emphasize on the true meaning of life. Again, VW fails their ethical mandate in this instance as their initial actions led to many subsequent and unethical events(Bowden, 2005). Contractual theory Finally, consider the societal obligations held by VW, where as a multinational company they were required to adhere to some rules and agreements in order to safeguard the community at large. Now, these rules may not exist on paper but will occur naturally to ensure people treat other with utmost respect. Therefore, organizations and individual at large will base their lives on a naturally occurring principle rather than an unbounded liberty(Bowne, 2010). VW fails to observe this societal agreement by choosing to deploy a cheat program that nullifies the legal laws set by the people. In their actions, VW does not consider the average consumer who inherently trusts the organization to deliver quality products having their considerations at heart. Furthermore, equality as a concept is not exercised by the company, be it through its needs or its power. In essence, the company uses a weakness in the testing procedure to propel its financial objectives, an outcome that fails to consider the communal agreements. In all, VW fails to give the society the same respect it receives as a vehicle manufacturing company(Wesley, 2011). Conclusion VW in their actions violates both the legal and ethical laws set by the international community. For one, the actions taken would harm the environment which in return would end up harming the end user. Moreover, they deliberately lie to their customers in order to increase their financial returns. Therefore, their actions notwithstanding the consequences are ethically and morally wrong, and cannot be justified on any platform. References Associated Press. (2017). Volkswagen executive pleads guilty in emissions scandal. LA Politics, Retrieved 09 September, 2017, from: https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-hy-volkswagen-emissions-guilty-20170804-story.html. Bowden, P. (2005). Virtue ethics, Aristotle and organisational behaviour. Australian Association for Professional and Applied Ethics 12 annual conference, Retrieved 09 September, 2017, from: https://w3.unisa.edu.au/hawkeinstitute/gig/aapae05/documents/bowden-virtue.pdf. Bowne, K. (2010). Introduction to the social contract theory. Retrieved 09 September, 2017, from: https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ362/hallam/Readings/SocialContractHelium.pdf. Eggleston, B. (2012). Utilitarianism. Retrieved 09 September, 2017, from: https://www.benegg.net/publications/Eggleston_Utilitarianism.pdf. Hotten, R. (2015). Volkswagen: The scandal explained. BBC News, Retrieved 09 September, 2017, from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772. Lacewing. (2010). DEONTOLOGY. Kants deontological ethics, Retrieved 09 September, 2017, from: https://documents.routledge-interactive.s3.amazonaws.com/9781138793934/A22014/ethical_theories/Kant's%20deontological%20ethics.pdf. Mill, J. (2015). Utilitarianism. Jonathan Bennett, Retrieved 09 September, 2017, from: https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/mill1863.pdf. Wesley, K. (2011). Lecture 8: Social contract theory. Retrieved 09 September, 2017, from: https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~kevinlb/teaching/cs430%20-%202011-12/lectures/Lect08.pdf.

Justice and Gender in the Oresteia free essay sample

Justice and Gender in the Oresteia Justice and gender are put into relation with each other in Aeschylus’ Oresteia. In this trilogy, Greek society is characterized as a patriarch, where the oldest male assumes the highest role of the oikos (household). The household consists of a twofold where the father is the head, and the wife and children are the extended family. The head of the oikos is the only one who possesses the authority to seek justice. This is because the father acquires the authority through the inheritance law or male lineage.On the contrary, Greek society seems to transform to a matriarch when Clytemnestra solely murders Agamemnon because she, like primitive males, exercises destructive justice and enters the cycle of violence. Conversely, Athena implements a new and productive structure of justice known as litigation. This suggests that Clytemnestra functions as a catalyst in the transformation from oikos (aristocratic) to polis (democratic) which reflects upon society’s progress towards cleansing. We will write a custom essay sample on Justice and Gender in the Oresteia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, Athena replaces Clytemnestra as the dominant female figure because she employs a new and more productive justice referred to as the rational Athenian judgment, and therefore establishes a just society that will produce and not destruct. In order to completely grasp Clytemnestra and Athena’s role in Oresteia, one must first acknowledge that a change in government is characterized by the societal change in justice from old to new. Then, the chorus outlines two forms of justice: destructive and productive.It is important to acknowledge that destructive justice was the prevalent type utilized by men since the earliest epochs of Greek culture. Aeschylus writes, â€Å"And Justice tilts the scales to ensure suffering is the only teacher. As for the Future, you will only learn it when it comes† (Agamemnon 53:287-290). In this passage, the chorus assists in defining that destructive justice insofar as it expounds on the notion that honesty is restored only through entering the continuous cycle of violence.It also suggests that suffering is an unending cycle of blood for blood because â€Å"it is law: that each and every drop of blood spilled on the ground calls out for more blood spilled† (121: 456-8). Aeschylus suggests that blood for blood is a highly revered belief in Greek culture because it is part of the male’s inheritance law. One might argue that the inheritance law strictly pertains to productive and wealthy heritage. However, every head of the household is subjugated by â€Å"the first mayhem, that ancestral sin, as one by one each spits on a brother’s bed that brought destruction to its defiler† (85:1364).This excerpt concludes that the cycle of violence is inescapable because it is inherited through lineage. The concept that suffering is only justified through more suffering is socially accepted, and therefore individuals that are born into this destructive structure embody an instinct inclination towards justice through violence. In knowing that males link their suffering to the sins of their ancestors, one might question that because Clytemnestra is a female, she cannot also link suffering to the sins of her lineage.Clytemnestra becomes a male in a sense that her nature is primitive and inclined to be destructive or violent. The suffering that Clytemnestra endures from death of her da ughter Iphigenia is astronomical, and therefore she can link her suffering to Agamemnon. However, one might dispute that Agamemnon is considered ancestry, and therefore Clytemnestra should not have pursued a violent vengeance. Although, Agamemnon is not considered â€Å"through streams of kindered blood,† it is important to note that as Clytemnestra assumes the head of the oikos, she also becomes affected by the ancestral sins (97:1735).Like all primitive Greek males, Clytemnestra instinctively relieves her suffering she endures, from the death of Iphigenia, by entering the cycle of violence. This further elucidates why a man, whom kills another, only acknowledges his own position in the circle of unjust acts at the very point he, in turn, becomes affected by it (murdered). Clytemnestra makes no implications of violence until she deceitfully welcomes Agamemnon, â€Å"For while the root still lives, the leaves bring cool shade to the house again.So coming back to hearth and home, you bring a summer’s warmth to us in wintertime,† (77: 1108-1112). This quote serves as the prelude to Clytemnestra finally utilizing destructive justice, and thus breaking the circle of violence. Clytemnestra destructiveness is intrinsic in the scene where she welcome home Agamemnon, who accompanied by Cassandra. Aeschylus writes, â€Å"You go inside now. I’m talking to you, Cassandra. Zeus, not unkindly, has determined you should share the lustral water of our house, standing where all our slaves crowd the altar of god who guards the house’s wealth† (79:1173-78).In this excerpt, Clytemnestra shows that she is the head of her household because she can determine who is rightfully welcome. One might argue that Clytemnestra is not revealing destructive justice because of her calmness and generosity in this scene. However, the passage suggests that she is the head and Cassandra is the extended family, and therefore Clytemnestra shows a hint of her destructiveness as she enslaves Cassandra. Clytemnestra mercilessly tells Cassandra that it is â€Å"Here with us you’ll be treated as custom warrants (1189).Destructive justice is first seen when Clytemnestra says, â€Å"My aim was so exact—I won’t deny it—that he could not outrun death, or fend it off once I ensnared him in a deadly wealth of robes, escapeless as a fishing net† (93:1573-6). This quote describes the heartless and evil deed of murdering her husband. The â€Å"escapeless fishing net† is mentioned earlier in the Oresteia when the chorus states that, â€Å"the smothering mesh, seamless, so that in no way could the old or young slip free of the enslaving wide net of all-conquering destruction† (57: 411-414).This excerpt defines the net as being analogous to destruction, in that it smothers man deceivingly. It also reiterates on the notion, relevant in other Greek cultural texts such as The History and Iliad, that ancestral sin makes fate inescapable. A net captur es you before you see it coming. This idea parallels to both the fate and fashion that Clytemnestra determines Agamemnon’s fate. Clytemnestra, the head of the oikos, disrupts the cycle of violence when she solely murders Agamemnon as she â€Å"struck him (Agamemnon) twice, and while he cried two cries, his legs gave way† (93:1576).It is important that it was Aegisthus who planned the murder only to make â€Å"the entrapment, the woman’s role† (102:1897). Aegisthus causes Clytemnestra to become the catalyst towards cleansing as suggested when the chorus calls Aegisthus â€Å"a coward to the life,† and even asks, â€Å"why didn’t you kill this man yourself instead of leaving it to† (102:1898-1903). Clytemnestra becomes the catalyst because she enters the circle of violence unrightfully, and therefore disrupts it. It is a male’s duty, according to the household’s rights, to seek destructive violence.The system becomes impure when an unnatural individual, s uch as a female, and therefore disrupts. When the stripped of its destructive nature, man forgets how to seek justice until a new one is implemented. In Eumenides, the third play of the trilogy, we see a new justice that conflicts with the old. After the primitive cycle of unjust acts is disrupted by Clytemnestra, Athena employs a form of justice where no suffering is necessary in order to restore honor. The fewer people killed constitutes the society’s progress towards cleansing in Oresteia.Productive justice is something unheard of before in ancient Greek culture. It is not until Athena applies a rational and legal judgment that we see a sufficient alternative to entering the continuous cycle of violence. Rational judgment is considered productive because instead of the Erinyes avenging Clytemnestra, by killing Orestes, his crime is justified in court, and therefore his life is spared. Hence, no man will ever have to avenge Orestes’ death because the cycle of pointless violence was disrupted and replaced, and therefore should not be pursued.Athena partakes in the judgment by becoming a contestant in the conflict. The Athenian judgment is equally compromising and advantageous for Orestes, Apollo, and the Erinyes. It also causes Athena to litigate in regards to the interest of Athens. When her judgment releases Orestes, he promises that if they (his descendants) keep an upright course, and give enduring honor to the city of Pallas with their loyal spears, will I remain a blessing to them (Eumenides 178: 895-898).Athena judges favorably for Apollo and Orestes so that she can ensure in the future that Athens will also, in turn, be treated favorably. Likewise, Athena employs the power of the Erinyes so that they can work to protect her Athens. Athena enlightens the Erinyes with the concept that it is your choice now to take what I am holding out to you: to do well and, well honored, have your own share of this land and gods well (Eumenides 181:1009-1012). This passage underlines the correlation of justice reaching an equilibrium to society becoming cleansed, and on its way to becoming productive.This is because Athena’s rational judgment, which stems from Clytemnestra’s disruption of the cycle of justice, serves as the sufficient alternative insofar as it prevents further destruction, or the deaths of Orestes, Apollo, the Erinyes, and the citizens of Athens. Clytemnestra functions as a catalyst because as she assumes the head of the oikos, her gender disrupts the prevalent nature of the household. The cycle of violence was a law followed strictly by males, and because Clytemnestra (female gender) positions herself in the role of Agesthis (male gender) she is considered an unnatural force.The society is last seen in its aristocratic structure right before Clytemnestra murders Agamemnon. Hence, the cycle of violence ceases and leaves society inclined to search for a new justice with a productive configuration. Athena carries out what Clytemnestra initiated by creating a productive alternative to seeking justice through litigation. This contrasts the ancient Greek nature insofar as individuals were originally inclined to seek vengeance. Athenian judgment transforms society from aristocratic to democratic.The litigation of unbiased intermediaries correlates to how a polis or democratic nation functions. Instead of solely deciding among one another what is just or unjust, rational judgment serves as the sufficient alternative. This is because litigation rightfully determines which actions are characterized as socially accepted by the citizens as a whole. Clytemnestra’s pursuit of destructive justice causes the household to diminish, and through Athena, a polis, or city-state surfaces. A polis allows the once extended family (wife and children), to become equal because instead of the father determining the rights of each household, the city-state as a whole establishes what is socially accepted. This is characterized as rational judgment, and it serves as the only solution because it determines one’s fate through reasoning, and not by the consequences of man’s ancestry. Thus, Clytemnestra and Athena are female agents of justice whom have helped create a structure that future societies acquire as their own.

Signficance of Good Service Backup In Technical Industry

Signficance of Good Service Backup In Technical Industry Free Online Research Papers Signficance of Good Service Backup In Technical Industry 1.Povzetek slovenskega besedila v angleÃ… ¡?ini + naslov Business success depends on elasticity, preparedness to respond to changes in environment, readiness to learn etc. But all these things are not enough if a company doesnt have a good service backup. Industrial companies are not flexible enough, rely on technological aspect and they often forget about consumers contentment with the product which leads to unsuccess. Successful companies offer good service backup – before and after sale – which is important for making a good bussiness, for consumers readiness to buy the product and for consumers contentment after buying it. Backup service after sale demands long-term activities such as qualifying workmen and researching consumers responses. Most expanded and also important service backup is qualifying consumer to use the product wich leads to good marketing. Other important service backups are also guarantee, security, overcoming language obstacles etc. Service backup is exceedingly important for proper and safety use of the product, and it can also remind the consumer of advantages of the product, such as uniqueness and quality control. 2.Povzetek besedila v enem stavku Though many industrial companies forget about consumers contentment, the most important thing (beside development etc.) is service backup which leads to good business and consumers satisfaction. 3.Prevod ozna?enega besedila While industrial companies try to assure competitive position, they rely upon technological aspect of the product and overlook their service component. They are not aware that service component means effective strategic tool with which they can gain, in most cases even without greater expences, decisive competitive position and they can overcome their competitors. Research Papers on Signficance of Good Service Backup In Technical IndustryMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paperNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees

Review of The Ryan Boot Company Financical Statement Essay

Review of The Ryan Boot Company Financical Statement - Essay Example This ratio is to be analyzed in comparison with the profit margin. Since Ryan is putting more assets for generating lesser profit margin this ratio is very less as compared to that of the industry. Ryan would be able to increase the profit margin by lowering the total assets or increasing the profit margin. This area needs immediate attention. It is observed that this ratio is slightly higher than that of the industry. When the ROE is higher and ROA is lower, it implies that the company is trading mainly on debt funds. This implies that the debt ratio for the company is high. This is observed from the balance sheet of the company. It is seen from the balance sheet that while the long term debt of the company stands at 2,500,000 the current liabilities are 2,750,000. Although there is no harm in carrying larger current liabilities since they are non-interest bearing, it is important that the company maintains proper short term liquidity position to meet these liabilities as and when they become due. On one side although this is an advantageous position for the company from another angle this points towards a weakness for the company. This ratio is lower than that of the industry and shows a weakness for the company. This implies that either the company is too liberal in its credit policies to augment its credit sales or the company is following inefficient collection policies. If Ryan is in the habit of offering higher credit periods to its customers the company has to have a close look into the products as to the necessity for offering such higher credit terms. On the other hand if the collection policies of the company are inefficient and weak they need to be tightened so that this ratio improves. Otherwise the company will incur losses on account of more bad debts. This ratio is found to be lower than that of the industry and therefore represents a weakness for the company. It is for the company to reduce its total assets base

Fiber Optic cables Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Fiber Optic cables - Essay Example The phenomenon of guiding light through bent glass has been early given by Leonardo DaVinci in one of his notebooks. But, he has not been able to verify this assertion. What is known for certain is that total internal reflection of light in a beam of water, basically guided light, and was given by the physicist John Tyndall in either 1854 or 1870, depending upon which reference you consult. Tyndall showed that light could be bent around a corner while it traveled through a jet of pouring water. Using light for communications came after this. . In 1934 the first patent on guided optical communications over glass was obtained by AT &T. unfortunately, no materials were available at that time to fabricate a glass (or other type of transparent material) fiber optic cable with sufficiently low attenuation to make guided optical communications possible. Between 1968 and 1970, experts who were working at a number of different academic, industrial and government laboratories dropped the attenuation of glass fiber optic cable from over 1000 dB/km to less than 20 dB/km. Corning patented its fabrication process for the cable. In the late 1980's and 1990's this progress increased with the even lower cost plastic fiber optic cable and Plastic Clad Silica (PCS). In last few years a number of oceanic fiber optic cables have been fabricated. One cable was fabricated in 1990. That was relatively non-controversial. However, as additional cables were introduced, the coastal fishing industry became increasingly concerned about the loss of fishing ground resulting from cable placement, and their liability should they come into contact with a cable. Another cable was fabricated in 1998. To represent their interests a number of coastal fishers formed a committee. After discussion on numerous issues, the fishers and the cable owner reached on a conc lusion that has served as the basis for later agreements' between these two groups in Oregon. Two concentric layers termed the core and the cladding are the basic composition of a fiber optic cable. These layers are shown in the following figure. Fiber Optic Cable, 3 dimensional view and its basic cross section Both core and cladding have different refraction indexes with the core having R1 and the cladding R2. Light is piped through the core. In Fiber optic cable an additional coating termed as jacket is also provided around the cladding. Core, cladding and jacket are all shown in the three dimensional view on the left side of above Figure. The jacket is usually made up of one or more layers of polymer. This jacket protects the core and cladding from shocks that might affect their optical or physical properties. It acts like a shock absorber. The jacket also provides protection from abrasions, solvents, Small oil

Incident Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Incident - Essay Example In this experience the poet smiles at another boy when their eyes meet. In response the boy insults the poet and regards him as nigger. The author states that out of all his memories of Baltimore, this incident always remained in his memory. The poem is one of the best poems that I have come across regarding the issue of racism in United States. This poem reinstates the idea that racism is deeply embedded amongst every individual. This is because all individuals are brought up to be racist. This poem helps in identifying the main cause of racism which is the values that a child receives from his/her parents. The poem titled as Incident has been authored by Countee Cullen and in this poem the poet focuses on an event of racism that he experienced in the region of Baltimore. The poet states that one of the main causes of racism in America is the values that are transferred by parents to their children and children become racist at a very tender