Artificiality and Fallibility in Northanger Abbey

Artificiality and Fallibility in Northanger Abbey Jane Austen, through the development of socially conscious female characters, is able to render a remarkably accurate depiction of the social structure present during the late 18th century. Her social commentary, however, highlights certain unbecoming qualities in both her protagonists and antagonists, particularly their artificiality. This feature of her writing is especially evident in her satiric novel Northanger Abbey. While Austen is clear in her criticism of characters such as Isabella and John Thorpe, neither of whom is in Catherine’s favor at the end of the novel, the author appears to be far more accepting of the affectedness of General Tilney, who is portrayed as a severe but fair man. Through the artificiality of her characters and the claims she makes about them, Austen weakens the motifs she intends to exemplify, making her an unreliable author. General Tilney is consistently illustrated as a strange man with a somewhat severe manner. Despite this, the text never truly suggests that he is a bad man. He is kind enough to invite Catherine to stay with the Tilneys at Northanger Abbey and, although he is concerned with superficial things such as the grandeur of his home and the wealth of his childrens’ spouses, the text suggests that he wants only the best for his children. Near the end of the novel, Catherine even admits that General Tilney’s interference in their marriage may have actually strengthened the bond between her and Henry, for which she thanks the general: â€Å"†¦the General’s unjust interference, so far from being really injurious to the their felicity, was perhaps conducive to it, by improving their knowledge of each other, and adding strength to their attachment, I leave it to be settled by whomever it may concern, whether the tendency of this work be altogether to recommend parental t yranny, or reward filial disobedience† (Austen 235). Despite Catherine’s fairly positive opinion of him at the end of the novel, the general still proves to be quite artificial early on when, after trying so ardently to impress her in hopes of securing a wealthy wife for Henry, he rudely casts her out of his home without explanation upon hearing from John Thorpe that Catherine’s family is poor. Austen tries to forgive General Tilney’s bad behavior by stating that his conduct may have strengthened the bond between Henry and Catherine, yet his actions were undeniably callous, regardless of the end product. His superficial treatment of Catherine is based entirely off of his focus on money, and this quality makes it difficult to accept the positive light that Austen attempts to shine on him at the end of the story, causing her to appear unreliable as an author. The most artificial character of Northanger Abbey is arguably Isabella Thorpe. Although she initially appears to be perfectly friendly and immediately forms a close bond with Catherine, the text makes it clear that she is somewhat superficial and would be content gossiping the day away. On several occasions, she gloats her apathy toward financial status, claiming that â€Å"[her] wishes are so moderate that the smallest income in nature would be enough for [her]. Where people are really attached, poverty itself is wealth; grandeur [she] detest[s]† (112), as well as that â€Å"a [small] income would satisfy [her]†¦ [She] hate[s] money† (128). The reader, however, later finds that upon learning of her fianc? James Morland’s modest income, she immediately begins to flirt with Fredrick Tilney and eventually calls off the wedding. The reader even catches Isabella contradicting her earlier quotes when speaking to Catherine of her undesired gentleman caller, John T horpe: â€Å"You have both of you something, to be sure, but it is not a trifle that will support a family nowadays; and after all that romancers may say, there is no doing without money† (135). Even though Isabella claims on multiple occasions that finances do not concern her and that wealth even creates a deficit in relationships, she completely flips her argument in both her actions and opinions when she abandons James and tells Catherine that romance is not enough to support a family with modest income. Although Isabella is portrayed in an increasingly negative light as the plot progresses, she commits actions that are rather similar to those of General Tilney, but it is the products of their activities that appear to decide the author’s view of them. The characters’ actions are similar in that they both send away their respective Morlands upon finding that they are not wealthy, but their rewards differ: General Tilney is somewhat respected for the sternness that strengthened Henry and Catherine’s marriage, while Isabella is scorned by the narrator and essentially forgotten by the end. The narrator’s unequal judgment of each character again suggests that Jane Austen is unreliable in her portrayal of the morals she wishes to convey. In addition to the artificiality of Austen’s characters and the inconsistencies that they produce, the narrator also illustrates the same trait in her description of Catherine. Throughout Northanger Abbey, Austen repeatedly refers to Catherine as the story’s heroine. As early as the first pages of the novel, Austen builds Catherine up as the unsuspecting hero: â€Å"No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy would have supposed her born a heroine† (13). Naturally, because of frequent recurrence of this description, the reader spends the entirety of the story waiting for Catherine to prove herself worthy of the title. Spoiler alert: she doesn’t. A heroine is admired for her courage and noble qualities, and although Catherine is consistently portrayed as having good nature and fair judgment, at no point does she truly verify that she is a great person herself. By failing to show what she repeatedly tells the audience to be true, Austen again i llustrates her unreliability as a narrator. Jane Austen is an author of critical acclaim within the literary world, but, like any other author, her writings exhibit many flaws. Her account of Northanger Abbey creates a social commentary in which she attempts to criticize the superficial foci of the era’s social scene. Her success in conducting an efficacious critique, however, is hindered by inconsistencies in the artificiality of her characters and their descriptions. Through the artificiality of her characters and the claims she makes about them, Austen weakens the motifs she intends to exemplify, making her an unreliable author in her account of Northanger Abbey. Bibliography Austen, Jane. Northanger Abbey. New York: Penguin Books, 1995. Print.

MBA Marketing - Report 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

MBA Marketing - Report 1 - Essay Example Littler corner market food makers have great motivation to be hopeful in todays commercial center. Expanded interest for distinguishing offering food products and buyers readiness to visit diverse retailers to get them—is making new promoting chances for food makers and processors that can offer imaginative stock intended to help and inclination of specific customer portion (Dudbridge, 2011). According to Lewis, (2009) Solidification in the food business has significantly gathered purchasing force under the control of simply a couple of expansive food buyers. At each phase of the worth chain, a little handful of vast firms are the predominant players. Four organizations (Tyson, Cargill, Quick, and National Meat Pressing) control 84% of the meatpacking business sector (Hester and Harrison, 2001). In flour processing, three organizations (Cargill/chs, ADM, and Conagra) control 55% of the business sector. At the retail end, Wal-Bazaar has one quarter of the $550 billion U.K. foodstuff market. The five top retail basic supply chains control more than a large portion of (52%) of the business sector and regularly utilize that power to take a bigger offer of the overall revenue far from farmers and other downstream suppliers of food. The aftereffect of the corporate combining has been a 49% expansion in the retailers offer of the shopper dollar and a 29% abatement in the farmer s offer since 1990. Social issue: A year in the wake of being on the cusp of passing historic point enactment to top nursery gasses, greens are coming to acknowledge the way that the shot of national and global movement on environmental change has ended up more remote than at any other time. The Ecological Insurance Office (EPA) is under ambush by recently enabled Republicans in Congress who contend that the general thought of natural security is unreasonably expensive for their obligation ridden nation. Usual to remaining idealistic even with

Argument paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argument paper - Essay Example For example, we do not allow students to cheat in the exams or people to violate speed regulations just because they think it is a fun thing to do. There are laws which restrict such behavior which is considered moral relativism. Similarly, not donating to the needy can also be termed as moral relativism and must be discouraged. Another moral obligation which most people agree to is saving a drowning child. It does not matter whether the drowning child is related to us or is our responsibility at all. All that matters is that a human being is in distress and it is our moral duty to save him even at the cost of sacrificing our own comfort or belongings. We just cannot shy away from the responsibility by say that â€Å"he’s not my baby† or â€Å"I was not babysitting for him†. Similar is the case of donating a reasonable amount of money to the children who are striving to stay alive because of famine or hunger throughout the world. At this point it should be clearl y understood that it does not matter whether the children you are donating for are of the same country, religion or cast. Similar to saving the drowning child who could be an American, a non-Christian or even a migrant, what matters is that we have to help a human being in distress even it means sacrificing our own belongings. ... Comparable to this is an example of a person who does not choose to donate to the needy and therefore exercises the right to choose a wrong attitude. In fact, such people might not be in a proper moral condition to feel the situation in which the needy are. Suitable sympathetic feeling for the needy can be experienced only after appropriate reflection and research which would enable people to determine the extent of help they can and should extend. This would not only facilitate righteous self development but also enable individuals to live their lives as they deem fit. If a wealthy individual is enjoy sunbathing at luxurious beach hotels or balls at casinos while million others are in dire need of some part of his wealth then it is morally wrong for him to live his life as per his choice; saying â€Å"I have earned the money and I have a right to spend it as I please†. Some people also oppose the notion that it is our moral responsibility to help those in need by saying that although they have a responsibility towards those whom they have wronged, they do not have any responsibility towards those whom they have not wronged (Singer 28). This can be termed as an extreme view for the fact that if this argument is accepted as reasonable, no charity would work for the jobless, the disabled or the famine stricken people. This also entails that help to needy should also not be restricted in boundaries of one’s neighborhood, city or even country. Help should and must be extended to all without prejudice to boundaries in a manner that one is fulfilling a moral obligation. Some people feel that USA is already giving generously in terms of aid to underdeveloped nations, which is enough and there is no need to donate more

Better Technology Means Better Education Essay -- Teaching Education E

Better Technology Means Better Education In recent years computers have opened many new opportunities for students and teachers. Technology has advanced past books and black boards. There are more and more computers going into schools everyday. With the world changing into a computer world teaching how do to use technology is necessary. With the new tools that teachers use learning for students is not only more interesting but, more fun. The Internet has helped education leaps and bounds. With the Internet we are able to take classes online from hundreds of miles away while still feeling like you are in the classroom. Distance learning is very accessible in this day and age. With the distance learning older people who have to work can now get educated in there own home on there own time. Also with the Internet students can research many verities of subjects in a short amount of time. New software makes learning easy for even the youngest of grades. Computers in the classroom are a vital and necessary component t o making a students education enjoyable and educational. Today’s schools are getting better equipped with technology. There are more computers going into schools than ever before. Teachers are now learning how to use computer programs to make learning easier of students. GIS [1] is a great tool to help students know their surrounding areas and any distant place that sparks their interests. Without this tool teachers would only be able to show students pictures in books but with GIS the students can interact with the environment. The students can see almost first hand on what the real world life is like. GIS not only gives a better understanding of geographic places but also, teaches the students mo... ...ry Monday threw Friday at 9 am she has calculus with Brian Snyder over the television. She is able to get college credit while still in high school! This is an opportunity that would not be possible without the advanced technology today. That is a great help to getting a great education. Computers and technology have changed education in many ways. Students now have more access to computers to utilize the vast knowledge that is out there. With helpful teaching programs students can interact with what they are learning and get a more rounded education. The Internet provides endless knowledge at the click of a button. Articles and information that once were unreachable are now in our grasp. Videoconferences and interactive television open opportunity that was thought to be impossible. The better the technology gets the better education will become.

Pregnancy with Gestational Diabetes Essay

Gestational diabetes is a condition characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels that is first recognized during pregnancy. The condition occurs in approximately 4% of all pregnancies. What Causes Gestational Diabetes in Pregnancy Almost all women have some degree of impaired glucose intolerance as a result of hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy. That means that their blood sugar may be higher than normal, but not high enough to have diabetes. During the later part of pregnancy (the third trimester), these hormonal changes place pregnant woman at risk for gestational diabetes. During pregnancy, increased levels of certain hormones made in the placenta (the organ that connects the baby by the umbilical cord to the uterus) help shift nutrients from the mother to the developing fetus. Other hormones are produced by the placenta to help prevent the mother from developing low blood sugar. They work by resisting the actions of insulin. Over the course of the pregnancy, these hormones lead to progressive impaired glucose intolerance (higher blood sugar levels). To try to decrease blood sugar levels, the body makes more insulin to get glucose into cells to be used for energy. Usually the mother’s pancreas is able to produce more insulin (about three times the normal amount) to overcome the effect of the pregnancy hormones on blood sugar levels. If, however, the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to overcome the effect of the increased hormones during pregnancy, blood sugar levels will rise, resulting in gestational diabetes. Complications of Gestational Diabetes Diabetes can affect the developing fetus throughout the pregnancy. In early pregnancy, a mother’s diabetes can result in birth defects and an increased rate of miscarriage. Many of the birth defects that occur affect major organs such as the brain and heart. During the second and third trimester, a mother’s diabetes can lead to over-nutrition and excess growth of the baby. Having a large baby increases risks during labor and delivery. For example, large babies often require caesarean deliveries and if he or she is delivered vaginally, they are at increased risk for trauma to their shoulder. In addition, when fetal over-nutrition occurs and hyperinsulinemia  results, the baby’s blood sugar can drop very low after birth, since it won’t be receiving the high blood sugar from the mother. However, with proper treatment, you can deliver a healthy baby despite having diabetes. Risks for Gestational Diabetes: The following factors increase the risk of developing gestational diabetes during pregnancy Being overweight prior to becoming pregnant (if you are 20% or more over your ideal body weight) Being a member of a high risk ethnic group (Hispanic, Black, Native American, or Asian) Having sugar in your urine Impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose (blood sugar levels are high, but not high enough to be diabetes) Family history of diabetes (if your parents or siblings have diabetes Previously giving birth to a baby over 9 pounds Previously giving birth to a stillborn baby Having gestational diabetes with a previous pregnancy Having too much amniotic fluid (a condition called polyhydramnios) Many women who develop gestational diabetes have no known risk factors. Gestational Diabetes Diagnosed: High risk women should be screened for gestational diabetes as early as possible during their pregnancies. All other women will be screened between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy. To screen for gestational diabetes, you will take a test called the oral glucose tolerance test. This test involves quickly drinking a sweetened liquid, which contains 50g of sugar. The body absorbs this sugar rapidly, causing blood sugar levels to rise within 30-60 minutes. A blood sample will be taken from a vein in your arm 1 hour after drinking the solution. The blood test measures how the sugar solution was metabolized (processed by the body). A blood sugar level greater than or equal to 140mg/dL is recognized as abnormal. If your results are abnormal based on the oral glucose tolerance test, another test will be given after fasting for several hours. In women at high risk of developing gestational diabetes, a normal screening test result is followed up with another screening test at 24-28 weeks f or confirmation of the diagnosis. Gestational diabetes is managed by: Monitoring blood sugar levels four times per day before breakfast and 2 hours after meals. Monitoring blood sugar before all meals may also become necessary. Monitoring urine for ketones, an acid that indicates your diabetes is not under control. Following specific dietary guidelines as instructed by your doctor. You’ll be asked to distribute your calories evenly throughout the day. Exercising after obtaining your health care provider’s permission. Monitoring weight gain. Taking insulin, if necessary. Insulin is currently the only diabetes medication used during pregnancy. Controlling high blood pressure. Monitor Sugar Levels Testing your blood sugar at certain times of the day will help determine if your exercise and eating patterns are keeping your blood sugar levels in control, or if you need extra insulin to protect your developing baby. Your health care provider will ask you to maintain a daily food record and ask you to record your home sugar levels. Testing your blood sugar involves pricking your finger with a lancet device (a small, sharp needle), putting a drop of blood on a test strip, using a blood sugar meter to display your results, recording the results in a log book, and then disposing the lancet and strips properly (in a â€Å"sharps† container or a hard plastic container, such as a laundry detergent bottle). Bring your blood sugar readings with you to your medical appointments so your health care provider can evaluate how well your blood sugar levels are controlled and determine if changes need to be made to your treatment plan. Your health care provider will show you how to use a glucose meter. He or she can also tell you where to get a meter. You may be able to borrow it from your hospital, as many hospitals have loaner meter programs for women with gestational diabetes. The goal of monitoring is to keep your blood sugar as close to normal as possible. The ranges include Time of TestTarget Blood Sugar Reading Before breakfastplasma below 105; whole blood below 95 2 Hours After Mealsplasma below 130; whole blood below 120 Insulin treatment is started if above levels are not maintained. Insulin for  Gestational Diabetes Based on your blood sugar monitoring results, your health care provider will tell you if you need to take insulin in the form of injections during pregnancy. Insulin is a hormone that controls blood sugar. If insulin is prescribed for you, you may be taught how to perform the insulin injection procedure. As your pregnancy progresses, the placenta will make more pregnancy hormones and larger doses of insulin may be needed to control your blood sugar. Your health care provider will adjust your insulin dosage based on your blood sugar log. When using insulin, a â€Å"low blood glucose reaction,† or hypoglycemia can occur if you do not eat enough food, skip a meal, do not eat at the right time of day, or if you exercise more than usual. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include Confusion, Dizziness, Feeling shaky, Headaches, Sudden hunger, Sweating, Weakness Hypoglycemia is a serious problem that needs to be treated right away. If you think you are having a low blood sugar reaction, check your blood sugar. If your blood sugar is less than 60 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter), eat a sugar-containing food, such as 1/2 cup of orange or apple juice; 1 cup of skim milk; 4-6 pieces of hard candy (not sugar-free); 1/2 cup regular soft drink; or 1 tablespoon of honey, brown sugar, or corn syrup. Fifteen minutes after eating one of the foods listed above, check your blood sugar. If it is still less than 60 mg/dL, eat another one of the food choices above. If it is more than 45 minutes until your next meal, eat a bread and protein source to prevent another reaction. Record all low blood sugar reactions in your log book, including the date, time of day the reaction occurred and how you treated it. Diet Change with Gestational Diabetes If you have gestational diabetes, follow these eating tips: Eat three small meals and two or three snacks at regular times every day. Do not skip meals or snacks. Carbohydrates should be 40%-45% of the total calories with breakfast and a bedtime snack containing 15-30 grams of carbohydrates. If you have morning sickness, eat 1-2 servings of crackers, cereal, or pretzels before getting out of bed. Eat small, frequent meals  throughout the day and avoid fatty, fried, and greasy foods. If you take insulin and have morning sickness, make sure you know how to treat low blood sugar. Choose foods high in fiber such as whole-grain breads, cereals, pasta, rice, fruits, and vegetables. All pregnant women should eat 20-35 grams of fiber a day. Fats should be less than 40% of calories with less than 10% consumed being from saturated fats. Drink at least 8 cups (or 64 ounces) of liquids per day. Make sure you are getting enough vitamins and minerals in your daily diet. Ask your health care provider about taking a prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement to meet the nutritional needs of your pregnancy. Regular exercise during pregnancy can improve your posture and decrease some common discomforts such as backaches and fatigue. Being fit during pregnancy means safe, mild to moderate exercise at least three times a week. But, regardless of gestational diabetes, every pregnant woman should consult with her health care provider before beginning an exercise program. He or she can give you personal exercise guidelines, based on your medical history. Since both insulin and exercise lower blood sugar, you should follow these additional exercise guidelines to avoid a low blood glucose reaction: Always carry some form of sugar with you when exercising, such as glucose tablets or hard candy. Eat one serving of fruit or the equivalent of 15 grams of carbohydrate for most activities lasting 30 minutes. If you exercise right after a meal, eat this snack after exercise. If you exercise 2 hours or more after a meal, eat the snack before exercise. Pregnancy Weight Gain The recommended amount of weight gain during pregnancy depends on your pre-pregnancy weight, whether there is more than one fetus, and the trimester. Typically more weight gain is expected during the second and third trimester and recommended intakes of calories should increase at that time. Gaining the right amount of weight during pregnancy by eating a healthy, balanced diet is a good sign that your baby is getting all the nutrients he or she needs and is growing at a healthy rate. It is not necessary to â€Å"eat for two† during pregnancy. It’s true that you need extra calories from nutrient-rich foods to help your baby grow, but you generally  need to consume only 200 to 300 more calories per day than you did before you became pregnant to meet the needs of your growing baby. Ask your health care provider how much weight you should gain during pregnancy. A woman of average weight before pregnancy can expect to gain 25 to 35 pounds during pregnancy. You may need to gain more or less weight, depending on what your doctor recommends. In general, you should gain about 2-4 pounds during your first 3 months of pregnancy and 1 pound a week for the remainder of your pregnancy. Where the weight goes Baby8 pounds Placenta2-3 pounds Amniotic fluid2-3 pounds Breast tissue2-3 pounds Blood supply4 pounds Fat stores for delivery and breastfeeding5-9 pounds Uterus increase2-5 pounds Total25 to 35 pounds Baby After Delivery Your baby’s blood sugar level will be tested immediately after birth. If the blood sugar is low, he or she will be given sugar water to drink or by an intravenous tube in the vein. Your baby may be sent to a special care nursery for observation during the first few hours after birth to make sure he or she doesn’t have a low blood glucose reaction. If you had gestational diabetes, there is an increased risk that your newborn will develop jaundice. Jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the skin that occurs when bilirubin is present in the baby’s blood. Bilirubin is a pigment that causes jaundice and is released when extra red blood cells build up in the blood and can’t be processed fast enough. Jaundice goes away rapidly with treatment that often involves exposing your baby to special lights to get rid of the pigment. Gestational diabetes does increase the risk that your child will have diabetes in the future. Usually with gestational diabetes, blood sugar levels return to normal about 6 weeks after childbirth because the placenta, which was producing the extra hormones that caused insulin  resistance, is gone. Your doctor will check your blood sugar levels after your baby is born to make sure your blood sugar level has returned to normal. Some doctors recommend an oral glucose tolerance test 6-8 weeks after delivery to check for diabetes. You should also be screened for diabetes in the future. Women who have had gestational diabetes have a 60% increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later-in-life. By maintaining an ideal body weight, following a healthy diet, and exercising, you will be able to reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In addition, women who have gestational diabetes during one pregnancy have a 40%-50% chance of developing diabetes in the next pregnancy. If you had gestational diabetes during one pregnancy and are planning to get pregnant again, talk to your health care provider first so you can make the necessary lifestyle changes before your next pregnancy. Get tips on eating right with Diabetes by consulting with a dietician or your primary care physician. Sources American Diabetes Association: â€Å"Gestational Diabetes.† Diabetes Care 2008 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: â€Å"Gestational Diabetes: A Guide for Pregnant Women.† August 2009 American College of Nurse Midwives: â€Å"Gestational Diabetes.† JMWH org. 135 2006

Women And Material Things The Vindication Of The Rights...

Ju(Daniel) Kwon HIST15-Professor Eacott Section28- Andrew Frantz Assignment 2 December 6, 2014 Women and Material things The Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft is a compelling arguement that argues for equality for women in society. The Weaver’s Complaint Against the Callico Madams explains outcome of women’s with equal rights would do to society. Sanshiro written by Natsume Soski, focuses the details and experience of his life spent at a prestigious Tokyo University. Three of these readings relate to women and material things because they explain the position of women with each of their society. Although these reading originated from different time lines, each reading portray a similar and different view on women†¦show more content†¦According to her statement, â€Å"For if it be allowed that women were destined by Providence to acquire human virtues, and by the exercise of their understandings, that stability of character which is the firmest ground to rest our future hopes upon, they must be permitted to turn to the fountain of light and, not forced to shape their course by the twinkling of a mere satellite (Wollstonecraft 21).† She believe that if women were able to achieve the same education as men then they would have equal opportunity as men. She also argues that women should make new image of themselves with self-respect through education. In fact, Wollstonecraft believes that women who are not given the equal amount of rights with men are not considered free. Wollstonecraft believes that a women â€Å"are either as moral beings, or so weak that they must be entirely subjected to the superior faculties of men (Wollstonecraft 27).† Within this statement, it shows that Wollstonecraft argues that women in this society should not be displayed as a dependent figure, but as an independent figure. In general Wollstonecraft believes that women should be givens the chance to achieve the same opportunities as men and promote the weak figure they are seen as. A similar theme of Wollstonecraft vi ews of woman can be seen through the Weaver’s Complaint against the Callico Madams. In the Weaver’s complaint, it portrays

Human Trafficking in Our Own Backyard - 726 Words

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A fox article reported that children as young as 13 were missing and rescued by law enforcement as pimps had brought these children to New Jersey with the intent of selling their sexual services for money to tourists. In fact it is estimated that hundreds of thousands of children are at risk in the United States for this kind of exploitation. These statistics are extremely hard to estimate however because unfortunately, so many human trafficking cases still p roceed without consequence. (Polaris project). It is also important to realize that trafficking occurs in many countries and not just to women or children. However the United Nations Office on Drugs and CrimeShow MoreRelatedTheu.s. Constitution : Abolition Of Slavery837 Words   |  4 PagesConstitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865). Our Documents. Accessed December 19, 2015. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=truedoc=40page=transcript. 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